Using Material from Item a and Elsewhere, Asses the View...

Using material from item A and elsewhere assess the view that social class differences in educational achievement are the result of school processes such as labelling. Social class is typically known as social grouping or hierarchy based on differences in wealth, income or occupation. In the UK there are mainly two social classes; working class and middle class. 33% of students who are currently on free school meals achieve 5A*-C at GCSE, however 61% of students who are not on free school meals also achieve 5A*-C grades. 90% of the failing school are from deprived areas, and 79% of children from a higher professional family are more likely to go to university, whilst only 15% of children from unskilled and manual backgrounds go to†¦show more content†¦This can affect those less able because it foes against the main stream. This is backed up by â€Å"Gilbourn and Youdell have examined the role of educational policies in creating the context for such school processes to take place† (Item A) Gilbourn and Youdell shows how teachers notions of ability conclude to their decisions of which pupils have the potential to achieve 5A*-C grade gcse’s. Neil Keddie then argues that the more intelligent students get taught more complex and advanced information and methods while the students in the lower sets are not recognised and bei ng left behind. However Rosenthal and Jacobson performed an experiment where they picked random students from the class who were also working class and told teachers they are able to improve, this later resulted in teachers spending more time with these ‘selected’ students which made them improve and achieve better. Therefore showing that self-fulfilling prophecy can have an effect in education underachievement. To conclude sub cultures, labelling, streaming and self-fulfilling prophecy can effect education underachievement, due to social class, gender and race. Being labelled tends to be based on your social class, where you will be labelled between smart and dumb. Streaming is typically based on your ability on whether you’re smart or dumb. Also, sub cultures and self-fulfilling prophecy is known to go under all social class, gender and race as it is a group of people who tend

An Assignment on Business Ownership - 1142 Words

July 4, 2011 An assignment on Business Ownership Ba-1105: Introduction to Business Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University Among a few types of Business Ownerships Sole-Proprietorship, Partnership and Corporation Business will be discussed below. * Sole-Proprietorship * This is the most oldest and common form of business ownership. It is a individually operated organization. * The sole proprietorship is the form of business ownership which is owned amp; controlled by a single individual. * A sole proprietorship is a business that is owned and controlled by a single individual * A sole proprietor is an active manager. * Features of Sole Proprietorship Business†¦show more content†¦* A company or corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible and existing only in contemplation of law. * A corporation is a legal entity that is created under the laws of a state designed to establish the entity as a separate legal entity having its own privileges and liabilities distinct from those of its members. * Features of Corporation * Limited Liability * Statutory responsibility * Law created concern * Artificial personality * Much capital * Democratic norm following * Perpetual succession * Common seal * Share capital * Independent nature management * Voluntary organization * Advantages and disadvantages of corporation: Advantages | Disadvantages | Greater and easy Capital | Difficulty of startup | Limited liability | Lack of control | Separate legal entity | Multiple taxation | Highly skilled operation | Lack of secrecy | Retain high performers | Lack of personal interest | Stability | Slow decision making | To form a corporation one or more person must make a decision concerning this. 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Professional Practice and Ethic Of Telstra †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Professional Practice and Ethic Of Telstra. Answer: Introduction This report has been prepared on the topic Professional Practice and Ethics in which discussion will be done regarding the ethical implications faced by Telstra. Telstra has moved from a conservative engineering based company to a fast-paced digital company. Discussion will be made regarding the decision support systems or business analytics used by Telstra and use of the analysis tools for the purpose of gaining a competitive advantage over the others in the industry. A framework for the analysis of the ethical issues, the impact of the ethical issues and options for dealing with the ethical issues will be discussed in this report so as to analyze the ethical implications of the company. This framework will discuss different aspects related to the ethical implications. An ethical theory will be applied so as to assess the ethical consequences. Recommendations will be provided with a motive to suggest strategies for coping with the ethical issues faced by Telstra. Background Telstra is a Telecom Australia based public company which is operating in the Australian Market. Telstra was founded in the year 1975 and its headquarter is located in Melbourne, Australia. It is offering fixed line and mobile telephony, internet and data services, network services and Pay TV. According to the data collected in the year 2015, Telstra has an employee base of 36,165 employees. Telstra is one of the largest telecommunications company in Australia. Previously, Telstra was operating as a conservative engineering based company and it has moved from a conservative engineering based company to a fast-paced digital company. Telecommunication industry has played a major role to make changes in the business and create a sustainable growth in Australia (Telstra, 2018). Values and purpose of Telstra are to care, collaborate, trust, simplicity and courage. For the purpose of enhancing the satisfaction level of the customers and enhancing the customer base of the company, Telstra has adopted effective strategies acting as its pillars. These strategies include delivering a quality experience to the customers, driving values and growth from the core and building growth. The key strategic enablers of Telstra are networks for the future, digitalization and culture and capabilities. The vision of Telstra is to be world class Technology Company which enhances the connectivity among the people (Telstra, 2018). Framework for analysis Doing the ethic Whats going on?: Telstra has adopted an ethical behaviour framework so as to guide the decision making process and behaviour of the employees. These key integrity policies include anti-bribery and anti-corruption, conflicts of interest and outside activities, gifts, prizes and hospitality and fraud and criminal conduct. Employees of Telstra are expected to behave as per the standards set for their behavior. Values of Telstra are to show care, better together, trusting each other, finding the courage and making the complex tasks simple (Market Culture, 2010). Telstra make the employees follow the prcised standards of business and personal ethics by taking initiatives such as promotion of the ethical behaviour in the environment of the organization. Face-to-face ethical behaviour training is provided to the 1700 employees for promoting ethical behaviour. For ensuring the safety of the customers, Telstra is promoting transparency in the operations of the organization. The governance fra mework of Telstra is based on few key elements and these key elements are health and safety, discrimination and bullying, privacy, diversity, anti-bribery, conflicts of interest, whistleblowing, securities trading market disclosure, corruption, sustainability and social media (Coleman, 2017). What are the facts?: Telstra has been positioned as the leading provider of cyber security systems and services so as managing the data of the customers safely and securely. Market strength of the company has increased in the past few years. Telstra has reduced the excess data charges and introduced international travel passes. Stakeholders of Telstra have gained from investing in Telstra. There has been a rise in the share price of Telstra by 98 % in the last five years (Somasundaram, 2017). Telstra has played the role of a leader in the exciting new areas of growth. A large number of sports and teams are being sponsored by Telstra along with the endorsement of the arts through the groups. Privatization of Telstra took place in the year 1997. The focus of Telstra is on considering the safety of the different stakeholders of the company. Audit and risk committee has been set by Telstra so as to ensure that ethical behaviour is adopted in the environment of the company. Ethical behavi our policies have been formulated with a motive to conduct the operations in an ethical manner (Telstra, 2016). What are the issues?: While shifting the nature of the business, various issues have been faced by Telstra. These issues have the potential to create an impact on the existence of the business. Telstra has faced various ethical issues while moving from conservative engineering based company to a fast-paced digital. These ethical issues include misleading NBN speed, accused of tracking the next G internet use, legal claim faced due to the suicide of the employee, impact of fire which took place in Telstra, material sustainability issues, bugs in the software affecting the interest of the users, lack of transparency which promotes chances of frauds in the company, corruption and lack of control on the ethical practices in the environment of the business (Smolaks, 2017). All these issues have adversely affected the interest of the different stakeholders as well as of the company. These ethical issues have affected the performance and sales of the company. Another issue faced by Telstra due to the ethical issues is mobile revenue. These ethical issues have resulted in fall in the revenue from the mobile business of Telstra (Market Culture, 2010). Who is affected?: impact of these ethical issues faced by Telstra has been seen on the different stakeholders of Telstra. These stakeholders include employees, investors, customers or users of the services, society, managers and owners. The fire which took place in the Telstra exchange has resulted in disrupting more than 30 % of the overall Telstra traffic. This disruption in the overall Telstra traffic has resulted in a delay in the flights and train journeys. Power equipment of Telstra got damaged due to the fire which took place in the exchange (Kotterman, 2015). Impact of this fire was on users and employees of the Telstra. Lack of transparency has affected the satisfaction level of the employees and customers of Telstra. Impact of these ethical issues has affected the interest of the investors of Telstra. Telstra has been accused of tracking the use of Next G internet by the users. Websites visited by the users were tracked by a server in the US which has affected the satisfact ion level of the users of the next G internet in Australia. Privacy concerns were raised by the users on which Telstra stated that the data was being collected and sent overseas so as to develop the new product. This new product will permit the parents to let the children access the websites (McArthur, 2015). What are the ethical issues and implications?: Telstra has faced few ethical issues which have affected the interest of different stakeholders as well as performance and sales of Telstra. Impact of these ethical issues can be seen on the satisfaction level of the users, employees, managers, investors and government. Privacy concerns were raised by the users of next G internet as the websites accessed by these users were being tracked. This privacy issue has affected the confidentiality of the users and decreased the trust among the users of Next G internet (Taylor, 2011). Fire in the Telstra exchange has affected the traffic and resulted in a delay in the flights and train journeys. Lack of control has increased the chances of fraud in the company which has affected the performance of the company. Another issue is lack of transparency which has resulted in an impact on the employee base and users. Software bug was another ethical issue which has knocked out the 10 % of the consumers offline of Telstra. Although that bug was fixed overnight still 15000 people were not able to connect to the network in that week. It was identified that during the fire in the exchange, text messages sent during that period delivered to the incorrect recipients who have affected the privacy of the users (Simpson, 2014). What can be done about it? for overcoming these ethical issues, Telstra has to adopt effective strategies or options. For effectively moving the business from a conservative engineering based company to a fast-paced digital company, Telstra need to take initiatives. For coping with these ethical issues, initiatives have been taken by Telstra. For dealing with the software bug, Telstra resolved the issue overnight. Impact of this software bug has been seen on almost 10 % of the internet customers (around 370,000 people) of Telstra (Telstra, 2012). For coping with the fire incident, SMS platform was closed by Telstra for a short period so as to ensure that the messages are not getting delivered to the wrong address. The reputation of Telstra got affected due to the tracking next G internet. For coping with this ethical issue, Telstra has stopped the collection of website address and data. Another effective approach has been considered by Telstra which is the approach to sustainability. The sustainability approach of Telstra includes a review of the current and potential sustainability issues, identification of the concern of the stakeholders, collecting feedbacks and presentation of the findings and reporting of the issues to the Sustainability Council of Telstra (Telstra, 2015). What are the options? Different options are available to Telstra for coping with the ethical issues faced by it. These options include the formation of a committee for keeping a check on the unethical practices, promoting whistleblowing, promoting transparency, keeping the customers informed, compliance training and promoting ethical behaviour. Check on the unethical practices will ensure that the employees and organization are performing in an ethical manner without creating any harm to the interest of different stakeholders. Whistleblowing approach can be promoted so as to develop loyalty among the employees (Ockenden, 2012). This can be done by motivating the employees for disclosing the unethical practices taking place in the business environment. Transparency can be promoted so as to make the operations of the organization clear to the different stakeholders who have a substantial interest in the operations of the business. Compliance training can be provided to the employees so as to ensure that they are complying with the ethical practices adopted by Telstra. The focus of Telstra is on conducting the operations in an ethical manner. Ethical behaviour is a key aspect and Telstra is promoting ethical behaviour and different policies (AEST, 2017). Which option is best-and why? Numerous options are available which can be analyzed by Telstra for dealing with the unethical practices and promoting ethical behaviour. These options include whistleblowing, ethical behaviour, compliance training and a committee. These alternatives can be selected by Telstra so as to overcome the ethical issues faced by the company. Whistleblowing will motivate the employees for identifying the unethical practices and reporting the unethical practices taking place in the company. We can uplift the ethical behaviour of the employee in a company by boosting their morale and ensuring their right behaviour (McDonald, 2013). Compliance training will guide the employees in taking the right decision and performing the operations of the organization in an ethical manner. The training program is considered as an integral part which helps in making the employees aware of the legal, regulatory and compliance responsibilities. A committee can be set up which will ensure that the operations of the organization are being performed as per the ethical principles adopted by the organization (Carter, 2016). Assessment of ethical consequences (use any ethical theory) For the assessment of the ethical consequences for Telstra, Utilitarianism ethical theory has been selected. Utilitarianism ethical theory can be defined as the consequentialism form of the ethical theory which focuses on performing the action or act in such a manner that the action results in producing the greatest good for the highest possible number of people. This theory is concerned with the morality of the outcome of the action or operation undertaken. The focus of this theory is on providing benefit to the maximum number of people by performing the action in a moral manner. This theory is based on the ability of the individual in making predictions regarding the consequences of the actions. This ethical theory ensures that the actions are performed in a fair manner by valuing justice. According to this theory, ethics is doing the greatest good for the greatest possible number of people from the actions performed (Mandle, 2013). Telstra is facing different ethical issues due to the shift in the nature of the business. These ethical issues include misleading speed of NBN, legal claim faced by Telstra due to the suicide committed by the employee, impact of fire which took place in Telstra exchange, blame of tracking the next G internet use, material sustainability issues, software bugs adversely affected the interest of the users, lack of transparency promoting frauds chances, corruption and lack of control on the ethical practices (McGee, 2010). All these issues are unethical and have affected different stakeholders of Telstra. These stakeholders have interest in the operations of the organization. Tracking of the internet use has resulted in affecting the privacy of the customers using Next G internet. Utilitarianism ethical theory helps in analyzing this issue in a better manner which helps in maintaining the trust and loyalty among the customers by focusing on their privacy (Sandler, 2010). According to Utilitarianism ethical theory, Telstra needs to keep a check on the outcome of the actions so as to operate in an ethical manner. Different issues are being faced by Telstra and Utilitarianism ethical theory can help Telstra in overcoming the ethical issues. Utilitarianism ethical theory will help Telstra in focusing on the outcomes of the actions of Telstra. Suicide committed by the employee has resulted in dissatisfaction among the employees of the organization. For overcoming this issue and to prevent reoccurrence of the suicide, there is a need to analyze the issues faced by the employees. This approach will help in enhancing the satisfaction level among the employees. Due to the fire in Telstra exchange, quality of the services got affected. For providing quality services to the customers during the period of fire, services can be provided from alternative locations (Tuan Shaw, 2016). Lack of transparency in the organization increases the chances of fraud in Telstra. Utilitarianism ethical theory can be used for analyzing the outcome of implementing transparency policy in the workplace of Telstra. Cases of fraud can be reduced by promoting transparency in Telstra. Ethical practices need to be promoted in the organization and the consequences of promotion of ethical practices can be analyzed with the use of Utilitarianism ethical theory. Software bugs can be managed by regularly keeping a check on the software of the organization (Lewin, 2014). Recommendations Telstra is facing ethical issues which have affected the performance of the organization; there is a need to analyze strategies which can be used for the purpose of dealing with the ethical issues. There are numerous strategies or approaches available which can be used by Telstra for the purpose of coping with ethical issues faced. These approaches are discussed below: Providing support to the process of analysis of the business opportunity in an ethical manner: Telstra needs to analyze the business opportunities in an ethical manner so as to ensure that the operations of the business are not affecting the interest of stakeholders. Business opportunities need to be selected in an ethical manner (Moore Gino, 2013). IT security governance: IT security governance will help Telstra in overcoming the ethical issues related to the privacy and confidentiality of the data. IT security governance will help Telstra in keeping a check on security-related ethical issues. Compliance training: this training will help in developing the knowledge and skills of the employees. Employees of Telstra will be able to develop ethical behaviour which will guide their efforts in the right manner (Kouchaki Smith, 2014). Ethical committee: a committee needs to be set up which will help in forming an authority which will ensure that the operations of Telstra are conducted in an ethical manner without affecting others. This committee will promote an ethical code of conduct and ensures ethical principles are being followed by the employees and organization. Promoting ethical behaviour: ethical behaviour needs to be promoted among the employees with a motive to reduce the chances of frauds taking place due to unethical practices (Eldred, 2012). Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be stated that ethics play a vital role in shaping the performance of the business and fulfilling the responsibility towards the different stakeholders. This report has helped in increasing the knowledge of the concept of ethics and its role in an organization. This report has also discussed the different ethical issues which have been faced by Telstra. Impact of these ethical issues on the different stakeholders of Telstra has been discussed in this report. Recommendations have been provided in this report which will help Telstra in coping with the ethical dilemmas in a better manner and promoting ethical behaviour in the culture of the organization. References AEST, 2017, The ACCC threatens to take Telstra and other ISPs to court over misleading NBN speeds, The Conversation. Carter, L, 2016, Telstra outage: Executive apologises, says software bug caused latest problem, ABC News, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-27/telstra-executive-apologises-for-latest-network-outage/7453546 Coleman, D., 2017, Ethical approach at Telstra, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://ethicalboardroom.com/ethical-approach-at-telstra/ Eldred, T, 2012, Prescriptions for ethical blindness: Improving advocacy for indigent defendants in criminal cases, Rutgers Law Journal, 65(1), 333394. Kotterman, H., 2015, Ten things you probably dont know about Telstra international, Telstra Exchange, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://exchange.telstra.com.au/ten-things-probably-dont-know-telstra-international/ Kouchaki, M. and Smith, I., 2014, The morning morality effect: The influence of time of day on unethical behavior, Psychological Science, 25(1), 95102. Lewin, D., 2014, Whats the use of ethical philosophy? The role of ethical theory in special educational needs, European Journal of Special Needs Education, pp.112. Mandle, J., 2013, The Place of Rawls in Political and Ethical Theory,Metaphilosophy, 44(1-2), pp.3741. Market Culture, 2010, Telstra Case Study, Market Culture. McArthur, T, 2015, 5 things you need to know about Telstra Corporation Ltd. The Motley Fool, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.fool.com.au/2015/04/27/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-telstra-corporation-ltd/ McDonald, S., 2013, Telstra to face challenges in broadening its business: analyst, Computer world, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/523301/telstra_face_challenges_broadening_its_business_analyst/ McGee, R., 2010, Analyzing Insider Trading from the Perspectives of Utilitarian Ethics and Rights Theory,Journal of Business Ethics, 91(1), pp.6582. Moore, C. and Gino, F., 2013, Ethically adrift: How others pull our moral compass from true north, and how we can fix it, Research in Organizational Behavior, 33, 5377. Ockenden, W., 2012, Telstra accused of tracking Next G internet use, ABC News, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-27/telstra-accused-of-tracking-internet-use/4094692 Sandler, R, 2010, Ethical Theory and the Problem of Inconsequentialism: Why Environmental Ethicists Should be Virtue-Oriented Ethicists, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 23(1), pp.167183. Simpson, C., 2014, Telstra Still Makes $700m From ISDN, And 9 Other Surprising Facts, Gizmodo, , viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/08/telstra-still-makes-700m-from-isdn-and-9-other-surprising-facts/ Smolaks, M., 2017, Telstra suffers major outage due to exchange fire, DCD, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/content-tracks/design-build/telstra-suffers-major-outage-due-to-exchange-fire/97754.fullarticle Somasundaram, N., 2017, Telstra's growth challenges explained, in 3 charts, Business Insider Austrlia, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/telstras-growth-challenges-explained-in-3-charts-2017-2 Taylor, J., 2011, Telstra NBN deal: the facts, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/telstra-nbn-deal-the-facts/ Telstra, 2012, Our Approach: Conducting our business responsibility, Telstra. Telstra, 2015, Conducting our business ethically, Telstra. Telstra, 2016, Ethics, values governance, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://exchange.telstra.com.au/ethics-values-governance/ Telstra, 2018, About Us, viewed on 17th February 2018. Available at: https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/our-company Tuan, N. T. and Shaw, C., 2016, Consideration of Ethics in Systemic Thinking,Systemic Practice and Action Research, 29(1), pp.5160.

William Butler Yeats Essays - Irish People, Literature, Poetry

William Butler Yeats chris Jackson Ms. bob Writing about Literature Sept. 14, 2000 When You Are Old William Butler Yeats Unrequited love is a common theme in poetry. Nature, death, wars, religions are all significant themes but love is the most important. It gives the reader an insight to the authors inner feelings. When You Are Old by William Butler Yeats is no exception. Yeats reflects upon his unconditional love for a woman who was not ready for a serious relationship. When You Are Old is about Maud Gonne, an Irish nationalist who William Butler Yeats was infatuated with and his unrequited love for her. In the poem, Maud Gonne is reflecting on past loves and relationships. She realizes that Yeats was her only companion who loved her unconditionally. Many loved her, or said they did, but not in every respect like Yeats. Perhaps if her realization were sooner, Yeats would have married her. Many key words jut out, giving us clues to which Yeats is describing. The most significant is Love on the tenth line. Love is capitalized representing William Yeats himself. Yeats or Love fled because he knew it was the best for her. When one loves another unconditionally sacrifices must be made; in this case ending the relationship was the solution. Two other key words are located in the sixth line, false and true. These words are used to exemplify the love she received from her past relationships. Some men truly loved her while others were artificial with their love. William Yeats is telling us how he loved her good qualities, along with her faults. This again is a prime example of his unconditional admiration and praise for her. Maud Gonne was a strong, independent woman. A key word to describe her is pilgrim, located on the seventh line. Yeats depicts her soul as a pilgrim, constantly moving and free minded. A person with a pilgrim soul must be set free to wander in life. Yeats k new this and ended the relationship because she wasnt totally happy. The imagery in this poem sets the scene and the mood. A strong image is in the first line. Yeats uses great adjectives like old, gray, and full of sleep to depict Maud as an old, tired woman. This is very important because it sets the scene and tone. The imagery in the second line adds to this. Nodding by the fire also gives us a concrete picture. These two lines really illustrate a scene of an old woman reading a book by the firelight. The theme of this poem is one of unrequited love. Yeats is acknowledging his unconditional wonder and admiration for Maud Gonne. He loved her very much but that same passion and love was not returned. This is a very common theme in poetry but Yeats demonstrates it very well because he uses a real life situation. His feelings and emotions are real because he experienced them first hand. I can relate to this poem because I have been in a similar situation. I had a girlfriend last year, who was very caring and compassionate. She was amazing but extremely attached. I was in the same situation as Maud Gonne. I needed my space for my pilgrim soul was uneasy. I am young and I need to experience new things and people, just like Maud. As I look back now I realize that my girlfriend was very generous and treated me with care. Those traits are hard to find in someone and I feel lucky to have experienced that. Poetry Essays

Archaeology Quotations - Quote Collection about the Past

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Bettinger on the persistence of crackpots..Ambrose Bierces definition of History.Ambrose Bierce defines the Past.Lewis Binford on why hell never be a quote of the week.A tip on museum management from Bob Ray.Barbara Bocek on bioturbation.Nurit Bird-David on hunter-gatherers.Tsianina Blackstone on what good friends archaeologists make.Bonnichsen and Steele on why the New World Entr ada is so fascinating. C. Loring Brace on whats wrong with standardized tests. C. Loring Brace et al. on the chimerical concept of race. Edward M. Bruner on post-modernist interpretations of tourism.Edward Bulwer Lytton on archaeology and historical romancesOctavia E. Butler (as Lauren Oya Olamina) on letting the past go.A.S. Byatt on forms and forcesLord Byron on the usefulness of the past. C Calvin on why hell choose not to be an archaeologist.William Calvin on the human minds Big Bang.Howard Carter on the good old days.Edward Hallet Carr on historys dialogue.Matt Cartmill on why he became a scientist.C.W. Ceram on archaeologys grandiose tasks.John Chapman on the archaeology of war in the Balkans.Douglas Charles on wearing different shades.Anubha Charan on digging up holy places.Cicero on children.Geoffrey Clark on NAGPRAs fatal flaw.Grahame Clark on wasting ones life.David Clarke on the immutability of archaeology..Michael Coe on small favors.Confucius on diligence.Cyril Connolly on the sweet smell of the past.Norman Cousins with an alarming metaphor.George Cowgill on reasonable alternativesDonald Crabtree on the beauty of projectile point technology.Susan Crate on climate change and advocacyO.G.S. Crawford on the future of archaeology. D Glyn Daniel gets a fit of the giggles.Clarence Darrow on what is wrong with history.Charles Darwin on useful observations.Robertson Davies on archaeologists and domestic architectureKathleen Deagan on the ethnic stew that is Latin America.Warren DeBoer on experiencing Cahokia archaeologyStephen Dedalus (James Joyce) on how he feels about history.Emily Dickinson on an armed past.Tom Dillehay on the first people in South America.Robert A. Dodgshon on the end of time.John Dryden on what has been.A classic insult from Alexandre Dumas (pere)Finley Peter Dunne on why the past looks so good.Will Durant on geological consent.Will Durant on clever things to say. E Abba Eben on men behaving wisely.Albert Einstein on the cosmic religious experiences of scienceLoren Eiseley on melancholy secretsT. S. Eliot on historys cunning passagesRalph Waldo Emerson on personal preferences.Ralph Waldo Emerson on the end of the human race.Ralph Waldo Emerson on what Varnish is not.Clark Erickson on appropriate technology and sustainable agriculture. F Brian Fagan on who really owns the past.Christine Finn on votive offerings at Chaco Canyon.Laurence Flanagan on the rationality of our forebears.K. V. Flannery on killing our informants.Kent Flannery on fun with your pants onKent Flannery on what the world wants from archaeologyLars Fogelin on tempering the imagination.Foley and Lahr on sweet studies .Henry Ford on why history is bunk.Allie Fox on evolutions little joke. G Donna Gabaccia on the immigrant paradigm.Joan Gero on distinguishing the past from the present.Michael Goodchild on maintaining intellectual depth.Stephen J. Gould on creationism.Maxim Gorky on taking the past for a ride.Paul Grobstein on being progressively less wrong.the Guanzi on understanding the present.John Guare on history and amnesia. H Heinrich Harke and Bettina Arnold on coping with political reality.L. P. Hartley on our alien past.William Least Heat-Moon on the lack of yesterdays on the road.Robert Heinlein on the effects of ignoring history.Robert Heinlein on human capabilities.Edward F. Ned Heite on dirty truthsPatrick Henry on the lamp guiding his feet.Heinrich Himmler on doing archaeology right.Jennfier Hochschild on true science.Oliver Wendell Holmes on how humans are omnibuses.John Hoopes on the future of the past.Terry Hunt on the genocide on Easter IslandTerry Hunt and Carl Lipo on the Rapa Nui Effect.David Hurst-Thomas on the meaning of discovery.Aldous Huxley on living high.T. H. Huxley on choosing ones grandfather.Hypatia of Alexandria on preparation for tomorrow. I W. R. Inge on why history is a terrific occupation.Von Igelfeld (Alexander McCall Smith) on German archaeologyGlynn Isaac on overextending our enthusiasmEddie Izzard on small wallsEddie Izzard on the Time Team J Shirley Jackson on why theres always been a lottery.Randall Jarrell on seeing the world through gold-colored glasses.B. S. Johnson (Terry Pratchett) on the future of architecture.Andrew Jones on perceiving the Neolithic. Indiana Jones on why archaeology will never make a good movie plot.James Joyce (as Stephen Dedalus) on how he feels about history.Rosemary Joyce on the illusory Ancient Maya. K Timothy Kaiser on the politics of archaeology in the BalkansAlice Beck Kehoe on the tolerance of ambiguity.Walt Kelly on the view behind us.Khufus Law for projects worth doing well.Gusti Kollman on historic ironies.A. L. Kroeber on the charm of anthropology. L Stephen H. Lekson on influential mythologies.Jill Lepore on history in seven words.Tea Leoni on how she almost became an anthropologist.Levi-Strauss on the value of the past.Sinclair Lewis on authenticity among scientists.Nathan Light on the mental prison of modern myths.Penelope Lively on howling landscapes.Kristin Lord and Vaughn Turekian on the Diplomacy of ScienceWhat George Lucas said when he first saw Tikal.R. Lee Lyman on a seat at the high table in anthropology M Domenica Macdonald [Alexander McCall Smith] on the soft life of some anthropologists.Renà © Magritte on the odors of the present.Max Mallowan on why Agatha Christie married him.Mao ZeDong on the struggles of society.Tommaso Marinetti on our most dangerous prevaricator.William H. Marquardt on unearthing support for archaeology.Lisa Maurizio on the meaning of the Oracle at Delphi.A Maya elder on the importance of remembering the past.Alexander McCall Smith (Prof. Von Igelfeld) on German archaeologyJohn C. McEnroe on discussing the pastHerman Melville on the textbook of tyrants.Lynn Meskell on the hope for archaeology.Catherine Morland [Jane Austen] on the torment of reading historyMargaret Murray on a welter of flint chips. N Nicholas and Bannister on who owns the futureNietzsche on the chain of the past. O Lauren Oya Olamina (Octavia E. Butler) on letting the past go.Michael Ondaatje on unsafely settled places.George Orwell on the control of the past.George Orwell on generational conflicts. P Camille Paglia on voyages to the past.Camille Parmesan asks why climate change is insurmountable.William Penn on living with the moderns.Ezra Pound on Kulchur.Philip Phillips on New World variations.Wendell Phillips on the roots of revolution.Plutarch on the difficulty of history.Poyer and Kelly on mystification of the Mikea.Adrian Praetzellis on tolerating ambiguity.Praetzellis on having too much fun.Terry Pratchett on the future of architecture.Ptahhotep on the limits of skill. R Joseph Ransdell on the new conception of science.Adrienne Rich on journeys into the past.Clara Dice Roe demonstrates the problems with oral history.Unnamed Roman Emperor on the good life.John Ruskin Laying Stone on StoneSteve Russell on the meaning of the repatriation movement. S Jeremy Sabloff on archaeologys role models.Carl Sagan on painful lessons learned.Carl Sandburg on archaeological treasures.Simon Schama on why historians are doomed.Arthur Schlesinger on historys effect on the present.Heinrich Schliemann on the case for Hasserlik.J. William Schopf on the importance of pond scum.Carmel Schrire on why she became an archaeologist.Sellar and Yeatman on what history is.Will Shakespeare on prophesies.Moishe Shokeid on melding anthropologist and informant.Sir Philip Sidney on why poets are better than historians.Maxine Singer on the thread that holds us together.Bruce D. Smith on niches and domesticationSusan Sontag on vanishing beauty.Captain Spauldings (Groucho Marx) greatest contribution to scienceStephen Spender on wooden shipsJohn Steinbeck on the literature of science.John Lloyd Stephens on the moral effect of Maya monuments.Clarice Stasz Stoll on collective forgetfulness.Lawrence Straus on interpreting genetic data.Christine Sullivan on the real adve ntures of Indiana Jones. T T. R. Talbott on the dark and stormy end of the Ice Man.Sarah Tarlow on negotiating between rocks and a whirlpool.R. E. Taylor on the two cultures.Walter Taylor in mid-diatribe, quotes Linda Ellerbee.Paul Theroux on evolutions little joke.Henry David Thoreau on unremarkable history.Henry David Thoreau on what to do with ambitious boobies.A. J. Toynbee on using history well.Bruce Trigger on the implications of multiple standpoints. V Voltaire on the foundations of history.Voltaire on Ancient TricksVon Igelfeld (Alexander McCall Smith) on German archaeology W Anthony F. C. Wallace asks When is Now?Mary Webb on what is invisible and muteKenneth Weiss on defining evolutionKenneth Weiss on finding hybridsE. B. White on the future of readingAlfred North Whitehead on why knowing the past is useful.James Whitley on fishy ideas.Walt Whitman on the teeming gulf, the infinite greatness of the past.Oscar Wilde on inalienable privileges.Oscar Wilde on our duty to history.Oscar Wilde on the value of archaeologyKate Wilhelm on living with the past.Howard Winters on civilizations components.Leonard Woolley on the effects of business.J.A.A. Worsaae on taking ones country seriously.Ronald Wright on the fascination of cannibalism. X Malcolm X on the value of memory. Y Yasumaro on the teachings of the ancients.

The raise of Taxes at the United States

The raise of Taxes at the United States Abstract This essay will look at the effect of a change in tax rate in an economy. Based on the current economic and financial crisis relationships with be established on taxation with work incentives, labor productivity, investment decisions, budget and the rich so as to make informed opinion.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The raise of Taxes at the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When an economy is facing a crisis, it adjusts its tax system as policy to rectify the deficit in the economy. For instance, United States has been hardly hit by the economic crisis and is contemplating on increasing taxes for the rich. The change in taxation has both positive and negative effects. Introduction The current economic and financial crisis has adversely affected all the countries in the world. Those that have been hard hit by the crisis include the United States of America and European countries. Other countries, especially developing countries are suffering from the spill over effects. In United States, the effects of this crisis have been evident in various sectors of the economy. The country has been hit by high rates of employment with nearly ten million people registering for the unemployment benefits. The number of people registering in job search centers has increased, with fresh graduates taking the highest percentage. The economy has failed to create new jobs, with jobs lay off mounting by the day. Most industries are streaming their workforce since they cannot adequately meet their needs, such as paying salaries and other benefits. The situation has rendered a high percent of the populace jobless, with most of them having difficulties in paying their bills. Those who are unable to meet their bills have resorted to pegging in streets so at least to get something to sustain them. The suffering of most Americans has not gone unnoticed, with the President Barack Obama const antly giving an account of government progress on how the crisis is being handled. The most recent announcement by the President is an increase in the rate of tax for the rich. The tax raise among the rich will lead to an increase in national revenue that can then be used to create jobs at national levels. This move has elicited controversy, with some supporting while others attack the move as inappropriate. It is like taking from those who are rich and distributing it to those who are poor. Despite raising taxes for the rich, taxes for foreign people should be lowered. Discussion Taxation is a fiscal policy tool that government can use in order to have a balanced fiscal budget. The government to attain certain objectives like full employment, price stability and economic growth normally uses fiscal policy. Other policy tools that can be used include printing of money, sell of fixed assets, internal or external borrowing as well as consumption of fiscal reserves.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a government is facing huge deficits, tax revenue can be raised by increasing the tax rates. Taxation is a tool that can be used to rescue an economy facing difficult times. Proper design of a tax policy can be a panacea to the prevailing economic hard times such as unemployment. United State has sought to follow Germany’s way to rescue its economic from adverse effects of its current debt position. Economist asserts that the only way in which an economy can reverse a crisis is using an expansionary fiscal policy. This will solve the issue of fiscal budget imbalance, unemployment and ‘crowding out’ effect. Conversely, high taxes will look out private companies from investing in the country because of the cost of production which will translates to higher commodity prices. It will be hard for businesses to carry out bus iness in countries with high tax rates. This is because it will render most establishments less competitive in the global market. To encourage foreign investment tax rates should be reduced for them and sometimes coupled with tax havens, allowances and subsidies, this will encourage them to take up their new investment in the economy (Kivel, 2002). Taxation and work incentives When there is an increase in the rate of income tax, the effect will be that the post-tax income of individuals will reduce. This is because the net income resulting from each hour of work will be lower. The move might encourage workers to increase their number of working hours to meet their target income. On the other hand, an increase in tax might be used as a disincentive to promote less work. The government normally sets a lower income tax rate for low-income employees. This will act as an incentive for workers to do their job for long hours and earn more money. Low taxes on low-income earners serve as a t ool of reducing ‘poverty trap’ risks where individuals will get high net financial benefits from their work. When tax reforms are favorable, it leads to an increase in supply of labor thus a reduction in unemployment equilibrium rate hence, the growth rate will increase. Taxation and the pattern of demand Demand patterns for goods and services vary as indirect taxes are changed. When value added taxes (VAT) on commodities such as alcohol and cigarettes increase, it is aimed at causing a low consumption among consumers or a substitution effect. The result will be a low demand for such commodities. Indirect taxation can be applicable where there is a total market failure, as well as when the government wants to ensure equitable distribution of resources such as health care.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The raise of Taxes at the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taxation and invest ment decisions When the rates of business taxes and corporate tax are low, this can stimulate a business to increase its spending in fixed capital investment. An increase in investment will mean that the capital stock of a nation has increased thus an increase in capital stock of every worker employed (Mankiw, 2011). Government can use incentives such as tax allowances to boost research and development and in encouraging new business developments. A tax regime that is favorable will attract increased inflow of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). This will be a stimulus that will benefit an economy’s aggregate supply and aggregate demand. Low rates of corporation tax will attract huge amounts of private investment. Tax changes act as a stimulus of investment in capital assets, social infrastructure, and labor force skills as well as in technology. A good tax system will ensure an improvement in infrastructure, which is essential for economic growth through increased production an d competitiveness. Government spending can be terms of development of an education system that is skills oriented and technology focused. This will ensure a steady long-term supply of human resources (Dye, 2011). Company’s risk attitude and corporate income tax are the main factors that are considered by an organization before making an investment decisions, this is because this factors can affect the rate of return on investment. Amount of corporate tax to be paid is an important factor that is taken into consideration before making a financial investment decision. This is because low taxes will mean lower prices for goods and higher revenue generated. The Rich Should Pay More For equal sacrifice and fairness among citizens, those individuals who benefited from favorable economic times such as boom, rescue packages among others should find it necessary to shoulder the costs that arise from a crisis. There willingness will save the economy from suffering the worst effects of a crisis that a time may spill over to drain resources of the rich. This argument looks at increasing government revenue through an increase in income as well as an increase in capital gains tax. This was illustrated by Germany’s case after the World War II where legislation was passed which mandated financial compensation to gather for loses that arises during the war. This lead to a creation of tax on property and capital, this law was applicable to individuals who still possess substantial assets after the war. The law required them to pay half of their asset worth to a compensation fund over a period of thirty years. In case of United States, an increase in tax has no chance any time soon. The reason being the required budget consolidation should occur on the expenditure part. This will imply a reduction in government expenditure and this will have adverse effects on the economy. On the other hand, an increase in income tax disproportionately has an effect on higher earne rs. The impact of high tax on the rich is minimal because large proportions of their income go to savings while minimal amounts are spent (Blinder Baumol, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More United States cannot undertake spending cuts since it will adversely affect their growth. This is because the economy is spending less on infrastructure, education and social transfers. For other countries that are facing similar crisis, an increase in government revenue will serve the country better. Therefore, if Americans refuse to contribute more to their economy through tax, they will suffer from a middling economy. Conclusion Taxation as an expansionary fiscal policy is applicable when an economy is facing difficult economic times, where the government spending exceeds its revenue significantly. The current financial and economic crisis has led to increase of tax rates to generate more revenue. The revenue generated is ploughed back to the economy to offset the high standing levels of debts. Increased tax will hurt the economy in terms of reducing the disposable income of consumer and investment income for companies. Individuals will be left with insufficient money to spend he nce a decline in aggregate demand. The rich should make a greater sacrifice to shoulder the costs that have accrued due to a crisis as the low-income earners still pay their tax at the usual lower rates. Poor economic standing of an economy will imply that sectors such as education, health care, communication, physical infrastructure among others will suffer, yet they are the main drivers of economic growth. A good tax system should be developed to realize economic progress. Good taxation we stimulate accumulation of capital stock in the economy in terms of new industries being set up and new technology adopted. This will ensure that the rate of unemployment reduces with a significant margin. Increase the tax rates for the rich will increase the revenue base of a country with the money generated channeled towards job creation in the economy. An economy in a crisis should receive compensation from those who benefited from it during good times such as times of rescue package, social t ransfers and boom. The wealthier should make huge sacrifices in terms of tax payment even though the burden may be overwhelming. A good tax system should act as a magnet for attracting foreign investors through the provision of tax haven for newly established industries. This will encourage foreign investors in the country; hence help in solving the problem of unemployment. References Blinder, A. S., Baumol, W. J. (2011). Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy. New York: Cengage Learning. Dye, T. R. (2011). Understanding Public Policies (13th ed.). Boston: MA Pearson. Kivel, P. (2002). Uprooting racism: how white people can work for racial justice. New York: New Society Publishers. Mankiw, N. G. (2011). Principles of Economics. New York: Cengage Learning.

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay

Differentiating Between Market Structures - Essay Example The attraction of the consumers is ensured through high quality products. The products where the company specializes in are not available easily in the market and therefore the company has the opportunity to cement the consumer base. The company can thus control the bargaining power of the consumers. The needs of the consumers can be readily analyzed and they are assisted in taking the advantage of the buying opportunities. The customers are driven towards the shops with the help of the discounts offer. The supply chain managers of the company can recognize the importance of the customers in their business. They are aware that attracting more customers will involve more sales which in turn mean more revenue and profits. The customers are retained through the modes of product variety and low costs. The services offered are efficient and ensures that customers do not queue up in the shops of the competitors. The customer loyalty has been gained by the company through the modes of custo mer retention and widening up more opportunities for the customers which increases the customer sovereignty and the customers have the option to choose the products that suit their preferences. Competitors never got the chance to drive away consumers from Kedler Fine Foods. In order to compete effectively the competitors are forced to make additional expenses in terms of marketing and advertisements. Competitive strategies Branding ensures that the customers associated with the company believe in innovation and quality. The customers want value for money and so the company engages in providing top quality support to them. The efficient delivery system has paved the way for higher profits while the lack in innovation can lead to reduced sales and revenue. The company has been able to invent new product styles and effective delivery system upon placement of orders. Internet marketing is the strategy that was adopted by the company to promote the products. The website offers informatio n on a variety of products, details on delivery system and some other information that may be necessary for the customers (Porter, 1985). The online customer relationship is an effective way of managing the business and to deal with the customers in prompt fashion. Positioning is a strategy that tends to increase profits. The company enjoys the top position in offering fine quality products to the customers who demand quality with competitive prices. The company targets the middle class customers and focuses to cement the customers’ base with time. Market Structure The company operates in the market of perfect competition. A large number of small firms comprise the market for perfect competition. Each firm is small compared to the entire market. The comprising firms set the identical products. The customers as well as the firms are well informed about the prices. In the short run the firms can change only the variable factor namely labor. The other decisions are predetermined . In the long run the firms have the potential to change their scale. In the short run when the existing price is less than the average cost curve it is better for the firm to close down. Several buyers are present in this market. The market offers products that are substitutable. There are no barriers to entry and therefore provides a level playing field for the new entrants (Etro, 2009). The forces of demand and supply determine the prices of the products and since the company under

Retail Analytics Report Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Retail Analytics Report - Statistics Project Example The number of male and female respondents from Jones Plc is 37 and 33 respectively. On the other hand, the number of male and female respondents from Farmhouse is 23 and 35 respectively. The average weekly wage considering the three companies was 353.9990 with the highest paying company offering $678 weekly wage; while the lowest paid worker earned $123 per week. When asked if they enjoy their job; 4 of the respondents strongly disagreed, 21 disagreed, 69 neither disagreed nor agreed, 83 agreed while 23 of the respondents agreed to enjoy their job. It is clear that those who agreed to enjoying their jobs were many than those who were not enjoying their jobs in the three companies. In terms of how well the respondents work well with the other colleagues; there was quite a positive results with those who agreed and strongly agreed were 70 and 21 respectively. This was great compared to those who strongly agreed (1) and disagreed (24) while those undecided stood at 84. However, it was i nteresting to note that most of the respondents don’t gel on well with other colleagues. According to the results, 14 and 87 of the respondents strongly disagreed and disagreed respectively to getting on well with others. This number is significantly high as compared to 21 who agreed and 7 of the respondents who strongly agreed. It is worth noting that despite most of the respondents agreeing to enjoy their work; quite a number also agreed that their work is not that challenging. 23 of the respondents strongly disagreed that their work is challenging while 71 of the respondents disagreed that their work is challenging. This number is high as compared 23 who agreed and 9 who strongly disagreed. However, 74 of the respondents were neutral on the issue. This result is quite familiar when asked if their work is interested. In this category, 15.9% and 1.5% stated that they disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively that their work is interesting. On the

CURRENT ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CURRENT ISSUES IN MANAGEMENT - Essay Example that organizational crisis can be averted or at least minimized through managerial strategies that are visionary in their perspectives (Simola, 2003; Cheney & Christenson, 2000; Pearson, & Clair, 1998; Seeger, Sellnow, & Ulmer, 1997). It is important that strategic planning involves more proactive and innovative measures to meet the exigencies of competitive business. Scholars have asserted that irrational decisions in business are often motivated by false judgment, escalated commitment to previous course of actions where managerial leadership may be driven by financial investment, time and belief that something better would emerge (Bazerman and Moore 2008; Staw & Fox, 1977). The various social researches have revealed that organizations are willing to take risks and make decisions to avoid losses rather than with the desire to make profit. (Hallahan, 1999; Beach, 1997; Bailey & Alexander, 1993; Pease, Bieser & Tubbs, 1993; Frisch, 1993; McDaniel & Sistrunk, 1991; Devine, 1990; Fagley & Miller, 1987; Bazerman, 1984). Shapiro, Slywotzky and Tedlow (2000) believe that key factor that sustain the performance of the organizations through thick and thin are their strong leadership. Nutt (1990) believes that flexibility of approach and initiative in decision making is vital part of leadership as ‘strategic choices are influenced by the manager’s decision style’. Hence, the leaders who are able to make tough decisions and implement changes are able to revitalize the business. In competitive business environment, exemplary leadership effectively links the data, information and knowledge within the organizational goals to overcome hard times and gain competitive advantage. The organization must incorporate more aggressive but people friendly management strategies that encourage trust building amongst the work force for improved organizational results. The paper would analyze the various elements of change management and the role of strategic thinking and planning

Antigone, by Sophocles | Analysis

Antigone, by Sophocles | Analysis Antigone is a tragedy book written by Sophocles with a protagonist named Antigone who is very determined towards her only goal of burying her dead brother Polynices as mentioned in the play. At the other side full of contrast and with a different point of view is the book House of the spirits. House of spirits is a magnificent marathon of the Trueba family including their ambitions and their love for each other. In order to enable the readers continue reading to the very end of the whole book, their attention needs to be captured and allow whatever they are reading to be understood and interesting. And for all this to be done, the reader should be involved in the story emotionally ensuring that the reader is fully in the book and not to be fully lost in the story. This is where the writers take the advantage of using emotions which makes a reader feel closer to certain characters and understand each and every thing the writer is trying to portray. Emotions!! We all have different definitions and ways of what it is. According to the dictionary, emotion is a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes. Therefore, in simpler terms, emotion is the language of a persons internal state of being. There are different types of emotions which may include joy, love, sad etc. There are various emotions present in both the books Antigone and House of the Spirits. The emotion portrayed most of the times in each of the books is Love. As a reader, we repeatedly see the emotion of love in House of the Spirits between Blanca and Pedro, Rosa and Esteban. The emotion of love is also present in Antigone between Antigone and Haemon. There is also brother-sister love presented in the play through Antigone and the dead brother Polynices. The other emotion present in both the books is emotion of hate. According to the dictionary, hate is defined as the feeling for extreme aversion or extreme hostility towards something or someone. The emotion of hate in Antigone is brought about through King Creon towards the protagonist Antigone. Throughout the play, we see King Creons hatred for the protagonist Antigone in one way or the other. Creon expresses his disgust for Antigone when she goes against him and buries her brother and argues back that she was right in doing what she had done and wasnt at all guilty, oh but I hate it even more when a traitor, caught red-handed tries to glorify his crimes.Such a harsh usage of the word hate emphasizes on how much he hates his own niece. Emotion of hate is also present in the novel House of the spirits. We see hatred from Ferula towards Esteban when he is chasing her from his house. I set my curse on you, Esteban; you will always be alone! Your body and soul will shrivel up and youll die like a dog. Reading this quote explains us how much other people are hurt through Estebans hate. There is also an emotion of pity present in the play Antigone and the novel house of spirits. This is represented at the beginning of the play through a conversation between Antigone and her sister Ismene. During the conversation, we get to know that the two sisters lost their father in a certain battle and their brothers at the same time and then we as the readers come to know that one of the brothers, Polynices, has been left unburied. And this makes us feel pity for the two sisters. There is an emotion of desire in both House of spirits and Antigone. Desire is a sense of jones within the mind, when the soul has a hungry requirement for a specific item. And in Antigone, we see this through King Creon desiring power. Through the play we see King Creons desire for power being expressed straightly through his words, That these two sisters were aiming at my throne. We see King Creon accusing the two sisters of trying to steal his power. And moreover his overwhelming desire made him think and believe that all the things happening are plans to gain his power. We experience the emotion of desire repeatedly in the novel house of the spirits through different characters. In the start, we feel Estebans desire to gain a better living standard to gain Rosa. Those were difficult times. I was about twenty-five then, but I felt as if I had only a little life left ahead of me to build my future and attain the position that I wanted. I worked like a beast and the few times I sat down to rest, not by choice but forced by the tedium of Sunday afternoons, I felt as if I were losing precious moments of my life: each idle minute meant another country away from Rosa. This clarifies that Esteban desired Rosa from his whole heart. After which we see his desire to rescue Alba from the government. There was also Blancas desire for Pedro Tercero and Esteban Garcias desire to be the heir of Esteban Trueba. Guilt is a powerful emotion because it makes people act differently than they normally act. There is also an emotion of guilt which is involved in both the play and the novel. In house of spirits, we all see that Blanca was forced to marry Jean de Satigny because she was pregnant and had no other option for her forbidden pregnancy and Jean de Satigny had no refusal towards this relationship because he had always wanted to marry a rich, young, beautiful South American heiress. And he knows that accepting this grand offer by Esteban Trueba would enable his dream come true and there was nothing for him to lose and just to gain as he didnt needed any personal fulfillment from Blanca and accepting the offer would certainly lead to advancement in his status. At the other side, emotion of guilt in Antigone is presented in scene 2 when Antigone is caught but she does not believe she has broken a true law. Creon also arrests Ismene, who tries to proclaim her guilt, but Antigone denies her and Antigone is sentenced to death. This is a bit where we experience the emotion of guilt. Emotions play a huge role towards seeking the readers attention. Having emotions in a certain novel or play attracts the readers attention and involves them into the story emotionally and to understand what the writer was trying to portray and understand the character traits by being in their position emotionally. Emotions used both in House of the spirits and Antigone had a grand effect on the readers both mentally and physically. The readers were able to understand each situation very well through the emotions brought about. For reference, in House of spirits, when we read on how Blanca used to escape at nights to meet Pedro, we extrapolate that they love each other basing on how they used to meet. We feel sad for the two sisters in Antigone when we read that they lost their father and both the brothers at the same time and one of them is still left unburied. Emotions enable to bring out the themes of the novel and the play hence allowing more understanding from the readers side. Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest: Literature Review Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest: Literature Review Go back to your writing sample from week one. Remember that it should be written as though for a university assignment. This means adhering to a structure that includes an opening statement, development paragraphs, and a conclusion. It should be no longer than 500 words long. Using Google Scholar or the search engine from your university library, search for five academic sources dealing with the same topic as the one you wrote about; these will have to be relevant to the points you want to make in your writing and support your argument or idea. Include two short quotations and three paraphrases of significant parts of the academic sources you use to support your argument. Add appropriate in-text citations and a reference list, which shows the full records of the 5 cited sources, listed in alphabetical order. Ensure that all your referencing adheres to the Chicago 16th Author-Date system. Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest is having a devastating effect on the environment. The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest on Earth. Covering an area of five and a half million square kilometres, it is composed of a diversity of ecosystems forming the Amazon Basin that drains into the Amazon River. Although deforestation can occur naturally through events such as droughts that cause many trees to die, human intervention is the most prolific cause. Rising population levels within the Amazon basin have contributed to an escalation in the deforestation of the rainforest. This is due to urbanisation and an increased demand for timber to be used in building and commercial production of items such as paper, furniture and palm oil. Deforestation has a negative impact on the local environment of the Amazon. As the forest is removed the soil loses its anchor point and it is steadily eroded, most notably during the wet season. This contributes to the instability of the remaining trees and pollution of local waterways. The physical removal of the trees removes the habitats and food sources of many animal and insect species that live there. In turn this causes a reduction in diversity of the remaining species and a disruption in the ecosystem of the rainforest. (Lean and Warrilow 1989, 411-413). A study was completed which involved simulating the deforestation of the Amazon tropical rainforest, and replacing it with pastural grazing lands. The results showed a climactic variation of a weakened hydrological cycle, with less precipitation and evaporation and an increase in surface temperature. (Lean and Warrilow 1989, 411-413). The importance of the Amazon rainforest in global environmental issues is largely due to its immense size. Terrestrial plants absorb 25% of the atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide emissions are a by-product of natural processes and human interventions such as burning fossil fuels. Through a process known as sequestering the plants store carbon in their wood and soil. The massive scale of the Amazon and its sequestering capabilities leads to it being referred to as a carbon sink: able to slow the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and therefore its contribution to global warming. It can only be classified as this if it absorbs more carbon dioxide than it releases. By 2015 the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide was 400 parts per million, this was an increase from the 290 parts per million level recorded at the turn of the century. (Keenan, Trevor, Colin Prentice, Josep Canadell, Christopher Williams, Han Wang, Michael Raupach and James Collatz 2016.) The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest not only decreases the quantity of carbon able to be stored, it also causes a dramatic increase in the levels of carbon being released into the atmosphere by the dead trees. According to the Global Forest Resources Assessment, Main Report (2010), worldwide deforestation releases almost one billion tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere annually. Although measures are beginning to be implemented to reduce the levels of carbon released into the atmosphere, more needs to be done to prevent levels rising to 600 parts per million-a level the world could reach as early as 2050[m1] (Daniel Grossman 2016, 635). Due to the sheer size of the Amazon rainforest, alterations to its local environment can be felt in other parts of the world. David Werth and Roni Avissar (2002) point out that deforestation in the Amazon has a measurable effect. It can cause a reduction in levels of precipitation and evapotranspiration as well as the formation of clouds. This impact could be felt in several areas around the world, that displayed an increase in the length of their dry seasons. Restoration of the tropical rainforest areas of extensive deforestation could be greatly inhibited due to this increase in temperature and dryness. (Shukra, Nobre and Sellers 1990, 1322-1325). though the numbers are not as high as the ones recorded in the previous decade. Deforestation is the second largest anthropogenic (human-caused) source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Brazil and Indonesia, which had the highest net loss of forest in the 1990s, have significantly reduced their rate of loss, according plays a crucial role in keeping carbon out of our atmosphere, as it naturally absorbs about 28% of the atmospheric carbon emitted by the burning of fossil fuels elsewhere According to Michael Daley, associate professor of environmental science at Lasell College in Newton, Massachusetts, the No. 1 problem caused by deforestation is the impact on the global carbon cycle. Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared radiation are called greenhouse gases. If greenhouse gases are in large enough quantity, they can force climate change, according to Daley. While oxygen (O2) is the second most abundant gas in our atmosphere, it does not absorb thermal infrared radiation, as greenhouse gases do. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent greenhouse gas. In 2012, CO2 accounted for about 82 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Trees can help, though. 300 billion tons of carbon, 40 times the annual greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, is stored in trees, according to Greenpeace. [m1]

A Separate Peace :: essays papers

A Separate Peace A Separate Peace is a coming of age novel in which Gene, the main character, revisits his high school and his traumatic teen years. When Gene was a teen-ager his best friend and roommate Phineas (Finny) was the star athlete of the school. Gene was only a mediocre athlete and is always jealous of Finny. They form a Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session which includes jumping from a tree into a river as its initiation. Eventually, Finny falls from the tree fracturing his leg. This leads to Finny’s death and Gene struggle to find himself. The relationship between these two boys proves my thesis statement; a friend and an enemy can be one in the same. The characters of Gene and Finny are as opposite as apples and oranges. Finny is a free spirit and Gene enjoys structure. The main problem though, is that Finny has â€Å"some kind of hold†(9) over Gene. The fact that Gene lets Finny talk him into things troubles Gene. Therefore, when they form the Suicide Society and jump out of the tree it becomes destructive for Gene because he is cutting himself off from the structure that normally runs his life. With all the time commitments to Finny and the society Gene’s grades plummet. He forms the idea that, â€Å"Finny had deliberately set out to wreck my studies.†(45). Since academics are so important to Gene he begins to resent Finny and he feels that he has to get revenge. This anger leads to Gene jouncing Finny out of the tree. The tone of this story changes frequently. Its changes are bases mostly on Genes feelings toward Finny. Gene often has feeling of resentment and uncertainty about their friendship; this creates a negative tone. Finny on the other hand seems to make the mood somewhat whimsical. For example he beets the school swimming record without ever practicing. He also sneaks away to swim and sleep by the ocean. The tone in this novel is important to the theme because Gene longs to have that same whimsical way that Finny has. However, Gene can never accomplish this and he becomes very cynical at times. Symbolism is also very important to this novel. An example of this is the war; it symbolizes several different things. Finny explains to the head master that â€Å"We’re all getting ready for the war†(15)when asked why he was late for dinner.

The Vocabulary Acquisition Of Children Education Essay

A individual ‘s vocabulary is the set of words that they are familiar with. It normally grows and evolves with age and serves as a utile medium for communicating and geting linguistic communication. One ‘s working vocabulary may non be representative of one ‘s entire cognition of a linguistic communication. Vocabulary can be improved by exposure to new linguistic communication information. In mundane conversation we speak of vocabulary in the singular ; we speak of a individual ‘s vocabulary. This is really an simplism. The American Heritage Dictionary defines vocabulary as â€Å" the amount of words used by, understood by, or at the bid of a peculiar individual or group. † Harmonizing to Nation ( I. S. P. Nation 2001 ) , vocabulary acquisition includes three procedures, viz. detecting, retrieval, and originative ( productive ) usage. 1.2 Statement of the job For the first five old ages or so of their childhood, kids are involved in the procedure of geting a significance or unwritten vocabulary -words that they understand when they hear them and that they can utilize in their address. During this period, kids basically do non hold literate vocabularies. Most kids get reading and composing accomplishments upon come ining school. So, for really immature kids, their significances of vocabularies are much larger than their literate vocabularies. Therefore this survey is an effort to look into vocabulary acquisition among kids between one to five old ages old. 1.3 Aims The aim of this survey is: To determine vocabulary acquisition among 1-5 old ages old kids with different background. 1.4 Research inquiries What are the differences between the two kids in term of their vocabulary acquisition? How does the kids ‘s background act upon their English vocabulary acquisition? Does a bilingual kid perform better in their vocabulary acquisition? 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Children Vocabulary Acquisition Broad definition of vocabulary is the cognition of words and word significances. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defined vocabulary as all words that person knows or uses. Vocabulary acquisition is lingual accomplishment that is truly of import and complex acquired by kids and grownups. For the first five old ages of kids ‘s lives, they are involved in the procedure of geting a significance or unwritten vocabulary which contain words that they understand when they hear them and they can utilize in their day-to-day address ( Pikulski & A ; Templeton, 2004 ) . From a survey done by MacWhinney ( 1998 ) , it appeared that babies learned to go to to and bring forth linguistic communication with easiness, but to get a linguistic communication is non an easy undertaking ( Phythian-Sence & A ; Wagner, 2007 ) . Before kids can larn to pass on with words, their gestures signal an apprehension of linguistic communication. A kid is said to hold acquired vocabulary when he or she non merely merely link spoken sounds with objects and events in the environment, but besides understand that words mention objects and constructs ( Phythian-Sence & A ; Wagner, 2007 ) . Leung ( 1992 ) in her survey explored vocabulary acquisition in unwritten contexts utilizing a repeated read-aloud with kids in kindergarten and first class. She found that read-aloud influenced kids ‘s acquisition of words for familiar constructs, but did non significantly act upon the acquisition of words stand foring unfamiliar constructs ( Phythian-Sence & A ; Wagner, 2007 ) . In short, we can state that kids get new words with and without direct direction with environment influence their acquisition. 2.2 Parents and Economic Background Parents play an of import function in kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition. Parents help their kids learn about objects and actions through day-to-day conversation. At this point of clip, kids already exposed to a scope of vocabulary. Although research clearly stated that parents influenced the vocabulary acquisition of the kids, there are differences whether this occurs across households that vary in instruction and economic background. Hart and Risley ( 1995 ) in their survey found that, kids from lower income households used vocabulary that deficiency of rich content. In that survey, they besides stressed on the differences in kids ‘s vocabulary size due to socioeconomic position and other hazard factors. The consequence in their survey indicated that, kids who have from parents of professionals had a cumulative vocabulary of about 1,100 words, those from working category households had about 650 words, and those from welfare households had merely over 400 words ( Hart & A ; Risley, 1995 ) . Many research found that kids from low-income environments score more ill on steps of phonemic consciousness and vocabulary during preschool and simple school. Raz and Bryant ( 1990 ) found such a strong association between household income, phonemic consciousness, and reading that they concluded that ascertained differences among SES groups in simple school could be explained by differences in consciousness and sensitiveness to phonemes in preschool as cited by Rush ( 1999 ) . Research by Dickinson and Tabors ( 2001 ) has shown that kids reared in lower-SES conditions develop vocabulary and linguistic communication usage more easy than kids from higher-SES families ( Sinatra, 2008 ) . New research done by Rowe and other research workers suggested that the income and instruction degrees of parents are connected to a babe ‘s accomplishments with gesturing, which in bend can bespeak whether a kid will develop strong linguistic communication abilities. Their fin dings showed that during the first session, the kids from high-income families gestured 24 times, compared to 13 gestures from childs in low-income places. Then both groups were tested for vocabulary, the childs from the high-income households scored 117, compared to 93 in the other group ( 2009 ) . 2.3 Bilingualism and Vocabulary Acquisition There are two major beginnings of informations about optimum conditions for L1 vocabulary development: surveies of the place environments in which kids typically get big vocabularies and surveies of instructional patterns that support vocabulary ( Snow & A ; Kim, 2007 ) . These types of informations are of import in back uping the vocabulary acquisition in first linguistic communication. Hart and Risley ( 1995 ) indicated that the best forecasters of immature kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition in L1 are the measure of address heard. Pearson and Fernandez ( 1994 ) suggested that these same characteristics of anticipation in efficient lexical acquisition to be used in bilingual and monolingual kids. Their findings concerned about the importance of the place linguistic communication environment in bilingual babies ‘ vocabulary development ( Snow & A ; Kim, 2007 ) . Apart from that, vocabulary acquisition is thought as holding two constituents which are larning new constructs and larning new phonological signifiers. So, a L2 scholar who has get many lexical points in L1 has the advantage that he or she needs to larn merely the new signifiers in the L2 while a kid who is monolingual has to get both of the constituents in larning lexical points of L2 ( Snow & A ; Kim, 2007 ) . Bilingualism provides the advantages for kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition. Peal and Lambert ( 1962 ) are one of the earlier research workers to happen out the positive effects of intelligence for bilingualism. They conclude that bilingualism consequences in greater mental flexibleness and abstract thought. They besides suggested that bilingualism is non doing ‘confused believing ‘ but its improved thought ( Steinberg & A ; Sciarini, 2006 ) . Quay ( 1992 ) in his survey showed that a Spanish-English bilingual kid acquired a figure of tantamount words in both linguistic communications and so about ever used the words right by linguistic communication context. His survey reported that the bilingual kid used words for which she knew a interlingual rendition equivalent ( that is, words with tantamount significances in the two linguistic communications ) in the appropriate lingual context as cited in ( Nicoladis & A ; Secco, 2000 ) . As cited in Thordardottir, Weismer and S mith ( 1997 ) , Garcia stated that, larning is to be facilitated under a bilingual status compared to a monolingual status in his research sing Empirical surveies of L2 vocabulary acquisition in minority kids geting English ( 1983 ) . 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Subjects The topics for this survey were two kids of 5 year-old. We managed to acquire a brace of kids which was a male child and a miss from the same cultural, Malay. These kids were the pupils of Makmal Taman Asuhan ( MTA ) which located following to Sultan Abdul Samad Library of Universiti Putra Malaysia. They were the pupils from the eventide session. Their background inside informations were stated as below:1 ) Muhammad Haqeem bin Erman ( Subject A )He was born on April 2, 2005 at Putrajaya. He lives at Bandar Baru Bangi. His male parent ‘s name is Erman bin Subri and he is Sarawakian. His female parent is Musliyana binti Mansor and she is a Johorian. His male parent works on his ain while his female parent is a science officer at Institut Biosains UPM. He loves watching televison and his favorite nutrient is egg curry. He is the lone kid in his household. Besides that, he speaks 2 linguistic communications, viz. Malay and English at place and even in schoolroom.2 ) Nuradilla Umair a binti Dalha ( Subject B )She was born on April 17, 2005 at Kajang, Selangor. She lives at Balakong. Her male parent is Dalha bin Abdul Halim while her female parent is Yammah binti Ahmad Ramlan. Her male parent works a clerk at Pejabat Pendaftar UPM. Her female parent is a full-time homemaker. Umaira has three siblings and she is the lone girl in the household. She is rather chatty among her friends. She merely speaks one linguistic communication which is Malay whether at place or in the schoolroom. 3.2 Instruments In order to obtain the informations, we have used slide show presentation which consisted of 40 images. We selected simple images to be presented to the kids so it would non be so hard for them to think. The images are runing from household members, animate beings, nutrient, fruits, transit, stationary and so on. Other than that, we besides used narrative book which contained images in it. Our purpose of utilizing the narrative book was non to inquire them to read the narrative, but we wanted to detect how they used the images in it to state a narrative. 3.3 Data aggregation processs Permission for carry oning this survey was obtained from Jabatan Pembangunan Masyarakat dan Perkembangan Keluarga ( JPMPK ) of Human Ecology Faculty by make fulling in the application signifier. In a hebdomad clip, we managed to acquire the permission from the section and an assignment was set up with the instructor at Makmal Taman Asuhan to happen a suited day of the month to carry on the survey. We did reference to her that we merely need to detect 2 kids in the schoolroom for our survey. As our agencies of roll uping informations was through observation, we used digital camera to enter the activity that we did with the kids. The first thing that we did with them was to compose their names on a piece of paper. Then, we put them together to watch a slide show presentation which has been prepared by us. During this session, both of them were asked to state us what image was shown in the slide show. Following, we used the object available in their schoolroom and asked them the name of the objects. Both old Sessionss were done at the same time for the kids where they need to response to the inquiries on the same clip. After that, we continued with the narrative books. In this session, we asked them to state what image was contained in at that place and make a narrative based on the images that they have seen. In the last session, they were asked to sing any vocal that they knew. 3.4 Data analysis We transcribed the recorded observation into text. We did non transcribe every individual word that the both kids said, but we merely focused on the of import portion. Then, we organized the information into classs which based on the Sessionss that we had with them. There were chiefly 4 classs ; composing ain name, figure of English vocabularies, stating a narrative based on images in the narrative book and numeration Numberss. We analyze the information by utilizing Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and besides we did descriptive analysis. 4.0 RESULT Writing ain name Capable Description A Can compose his ain name with the aid from the interviewer. He seemed to cognize the letters that stood for his name Bacillus Can non compose her ain name yet and did non look to cognize the letters ; merely scribbled on the paper given to her Number of English Vocabularies Stating a Story based on Pictures in the Story Book Capable Description A Focus entirely on depicting the images, non seeking to lucubrate or state a narrative based on the images Bacillus Describe the images every bit good as state a narrative based on the images provided in the narrative book Counting Numbers Capable Numbers A â€Å" One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10s † Bacillus â€Å" Satu, dua, tiga, empat, Lima, enam, lapan†¦ . † 5.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Effect of Bilingualism The consequence showed that Subject A had more English vocabularies compared to Subject B. Tracing back to Subject A ‘s background, he is a bilingual kid where he was brought up in 2 linguistic communications environment. He spoke both Malay and English linguistic communication at place and in the schoolroom. This state of affairs would do him had more exposure to English linguistic communication compared to Subject B. In the other manus, Subject B merely spoke Malay whether at place or in the schoolroom. She could be said as non holding adequate exposure to English linguistic communication. This state of affairs made her non competent in that linguistic communication. However, both topics knew about all the objects shown in the slide show presentation, the lone difference laid in the linguistic communication that they used to call the objects ; whether it was Malay or English. 5.2 Family background Based on the consequence, household background did influence kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition. Subject A ‘s parents have higher educational background compared to subject B ‘s parents as topic A ‘s parents are both diploma undergraduates, his female parent working as science officer at Institute Biosains UPM while his male parent working on his ain. On the other manus, capable B ‘s male parent is working as a clerk at Pejabat Pendaftar UPM and her female parent is a fulltime homemaker. This showed that parents ‘ educational background has influenced the kid ‘s vocabulary acquisition as topic A ‘s parents have the advantages in assisting him to get vocabulary in both linguistic communications. Their educational background has given subject A ‘s more chance to larn two linguistic communications at the immature age. Subject A was exposed to these linguistic communications, Malay and English, so that he can utilize both linguistic commu nications in geting his vocabulary. Subject B ‘s parents educational background is a small spot lower compared to Subject A ‘s parents and they are utilizing merely Malay Language at place, so she did non hold much chance to larn English at place. That ‘s why capable A utilizing Malay Language more when she responded to our inquiries. She had limited vocabulary in English compared to Subject B who was bilingual and had acquired vocabulary in English and Malay Language. Another ground that made topic A has more English vocabulary compared to subject B because topic A is the lone kid in his household, so all the attending will be focused merely on him. He besides socialized with grownups at his place so that he had more vocabulary while capable B ‘s had 3 siblings in her household and she was the lone girl. Capable B did non acquire much attending like topic A because there are another kids in her household. 6.0 Decision Based on the findings and treatment before, it shows that kids ‘s English vocabulary acquisition is influenced by their background. The parents ‘ instruction degree does play a function in finding their kids ‘s vocabulary acquisition. The parents may supply the exposure to their childs so that they can enrich their vocabulary. Other than that, bilingualism besides contributes to vocabulary acquisition in kids. Childs who are bilinguals seem to hold large vocabulary size and this appears as an advantage to them compare to the other kids who are monolinguals. Mentions: Dotinga, R. ( 2009, February 12 ) . Baby Gestures Linked to Vocabulary Development. U.S.News & A ; World Report. Goh, H. S. & A ; Fatimah Hashim. ( 2006 ) . Use of L1 in L2 Reading Comprehension Among Tertiary ESL Learners, 18, 1. Hart, B. , & A ; Risley, T. ( 1995 ) . Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experiences of Young American Children. Baltimore: Rupert brookes. Nicoladis, E. , & A ; Secco, Giovanni ( 2000 ) . The function of a kid ‘s productive vocabulary in the linguistic communication pick of a bilingual household. First Language, 20, 3-28. Phythian-Sence, C. , & A ; Wagner, R. K. ( 2007 ) . Vocabulary Acquisition: A Primer. In Wagner, R. K. , Muse, A. E. , & A ; Tannenbaum, K. R. , Vocabulary Acquisition: Deductions for Reading Comprehension ( pp. 1-11 ) . New York, London: The Guilford Press. Pikulski, J. J. , & A ; Templeton, S ( 2004 ) . Teaching and Developing Vocabulary: Cardinal to Long-run Reading Success. Current Research in reading / linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, 1-12. Retrieved from Houghton Mifflin. Rush, K. L. ( 1999 ) . Caregiver-Child Interactions and Early Literacy Development of Preschool Children From Low-Income Environments. Subjects in Early Childhood Special Education, 19 ( 3 ) , 3-14. Department of the interior: 10.1177/027112149901900101 Sinatra, R. ( 2008 ) . ‘Creating a civilization of vocabulary acquisition for kids populating in poorness ‘ . Journal of Children and Poverty, 14 ( 2 ) , 173-192. Department of the interior: 10.1080/10796120802336001 Snow, C. E. , & A ; Kim, Y.-S. ( 2007 ) . Large Problems Spaces: The Challenge of Vocabulary for English Language Learners. In Wagner, R. K. , Muse, A. E. , & A ; Tannenbaum, K. R. , Vocabulary Acquisition: Deductions for Reading Comprehension ( pp. 123-136 ) . New York, London: The Guilford Press. Steinberg, D. D. & A ; Sciarini, N. V ( 2006 ) . Bilingualism, Intelligence, Transfer, and Learning Strategies. Second ( Ed. ) , An Introduction to Psycholinguistics ( pp. 160-173 ) . Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited. Thordardottir, E. T. , Weismer, S. E. , & A ; Smith, M. E. ( 1997 ) . Vocabulary acquisition in bilingual and monolingual clinical intercession. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 13 ( 3 ) , 215-225. Department of the interior: 10.1177/026565909701300301